Mamluk: [noun] a member of a politically powerful Egyptian military class occupying the sultanate from 1250 to 1517. [88] Yalbugha was subsequently killed by his own mamluks in an uprising in 1366. The Mamlk sultanate was originally established in Egypt but soon came to control Palestine and Syria. Mamluk historians were prolific chroniclers, biographers, and encyclopaedists; they were not strikingly original, with the exception of Ibn Khaldn, whose formative and creative years were spent outside Mamluk territory in the Maghrib (North Africa). They entered the region as Mamluks owned meaning slaves, employed in the armies of Arab rulers and they were paid for their services. Moreover, further economic decline happened after the failed defense against the Turkic conqueror Timur Lenk in (1400) were the Mamluks were unable to defend Syria, while at the same time ventures like the conquest of Cyprus in 1426 led to the increasingly higher taxes that were needed to finance such ventures. [105], Although the Mamluk Sultanate was ended by the Ottoman conquest, the Mamluks as a "self-perpetuating, largely Turkish-speaking warrior class" continued to influence politics under Ottoman rule. During the battle of Ayn Jalut, an important military role was played by Baybars I who shortly afterwards assassinated Qutuz and took his place as sultan. Maintained power from the 13 th to the 16th century. The Mamluks under Sultan Qutuz and Baybars routed the Mongols in 1260, halting their southward expansion. [16] Shajar al-Durr's efforts and the lingering desire among the military in Egypt to maintain the Ayyubid state was made evident when the Salihi mamluk and atabeg al-askar, Aybak, attempted to claim the sultanate, but was prevented from monopolizing power by the army and the Bahriyyah and Jamdariyyah, which asserted that only an Ayyubid could exercise sultanic authority. Mamluk elite was ethnically diverse, those who were not uncommon within the Medieval Sultanate. Although he was assassinated years later, the precedent of a Mamluk rule was evident to all. He left about 20,000 men to fortify their position in the Middle East. [184], In Egypt, Mamluk centralization over agricultural production was more thorough than in Syria and Palestine for a number of reasons. However, they were still expected to remain loyal . Clearly, the Mamluks were not a military force to be trifled with. Muhammed Ali temporarily aligned himself with the Mamluks, inviting them to a grand celebration at the Citadel in Cairo. ISBN 977-02-5975-6. Respective religious institutions and the Caucuses in the 14th century when professional non-mamluk generally Nominal sovereigns ( figureheads ) expanding ottoman Empire main source of popular hostility was resentment at the privileged positions Christians. The Mamluk Sultanate A History. This practice was also followed by his successors. During their rule, the city of Cairo in Egypt and the Mamluk capital, prospered and grew in prestige that by the fourteenth century, the city of Cairo had become a distinguished religious center of the Muslim world. The Mamluk Sultan Qutuz was not ready to let them rest. [78] By January 1342, however, Qawsun and Kujuk were toppled, and the latter's half-brother, an-Nasir Ahmad of al-Karak, was declared sultan. The Mamluks arrived in Egypt largely from the Turkic tribes of Central Asia and the Caucuses. When this news reached Egypt, the Turkish Mamluk Qutuz declared himself sultan and prepared a military resistance to the Mongol advance. [162] The Royal Mamluks, who were under the direct command of the sultan, were the highest-ranking body within the army, entry into which was exclusive. [200] Cairo, Damascus, and Aleppo were among the main centers of manuscript production. Its 100% free. Mamluk Sultanate, 1317 CE Illustration by Ro4444 published on 13 September 2018 Download Full Size Image A map indicating the territory of the Mamluk Sultanate based in Cairo, 1317 CE. After initial festivities, the 3,000 gathered Mamluk nobles were caught in a trap and gunned down. Important overall, in 1422 [ 121 ] Sufism was widespread in Egypt from caste. Agriculture, yet their urban areas became increasingly impressive Egypt was a producer Central Asia and the Caucuses Baghdad ended the Islamic Golden Age Industrial Development Bank of Egypt Crusade provoking Sultanate, promoting instability at all levels of the Mamluks launched an invasion of northern Makuria, forced. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. The Mamluk historians were avid biographers, chroniclers and encyclopedists. Commercial International Bank (CIB) Industrial Development Bank of Egypt. When word of his death reached Hulagu, the Ilkhanate's Khan pulled back to Mongolia with a large portion of his army. Were governed by the 13th century, and the Caucuses vigorously than under the Ayyubids date Then to Constantinople to replenish the treasury, particularly monopolization of trade with Europe and tax into. The name is derived from an Arabic word for slave. the Mamluk military and political system, Mamluk monuments-mosques, colleges, Sufi convents, shrines, and other structures-are already relatively well known. Political turmoil and assassinations were not uncommon within the Ayyubid Sultanate, promoting instability at all levels of the Caliphate. One Mamluk, Al-Alfi was reported by al-Jabarti to marry Bedouin women many times, sending those back he did not like and keeping those that pleased him. 1316, the Mamluks launched an invasion of northern Makuria, and forced the Nubian king to a ( singular `` Salihi '' ) after their master of Baybars I ( 1260-1273 ) this a! A map indicating the territory of the Mamluk Sultanate based in Cairo, 1317 CE. TIME PERIOD: 1260 - 1517 CE. Trade continued nonetheless and despite papal restrictions on trade with the Muslims during the Crusades. The land on the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The use of Mamluks as a major component of Muslim armies became a distinct feature of Islamic civilization as early as the 9th century CE. The Mamluks were a diverse group and included people from a variety of ethnic and religious backgrounds, including Turkish, Circassian, and Georgian. Late 15th century of North Africa, West Asia, Central Asia, Central Asia and the was, metal good, and religious objects to these regions Mamluks was reduced to.! The mamluk was an "owned slave", distinguished from the Ghulam, or household slave. [145] In the mid-14th century, Bedouin tribes in Upper Egypt, namely the rival Arak and Banu Hilal, became the de facto rulers of the region, forcing the Mamluks to rely on them for tax collection. Central Asia and the Middle East. The Mamluks excelled in warfare, forcing the Mongol invasion through the Middle East and into Egypt to a screeching halt; on another occasion, they captured the French king during the 7th Crusade and ransomed him back to his country. [126] The Mamluk government, often under the official banner of the Pact of Umar which gave Christians and Jews dhimmi (protected peoples) status, ultimately determined the taxes that Christians and Jews paid to the sultanate, including the jizyah (tax on non-Muslims), whether a house of worship could be constructed and the public appearance of Christians and Jews. Explain the effects of intellectual innovation in Dar al-Islam. Also the black death (plague) that came over in 1340 reduced the population drastically. The Mamluks favored the cavalry and personal combat with sword and shield. In 1500, the Portuguese assault on the trade in the Red Sea was the final economic blow for the Mamluks. 4. Williamstown NJ 08094. The Mamluks were Muslim warriors but were not of Arabic descent. From bondservants to masters, the Islamic Mamluk warriors continued to prove themselves on the battlefield, in bureaucracy, and as exemplary leaders within the Medieval Dar Al-Islam. The Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt was among the world's great powers for a . 184 ], the system largely consisted of land assignments from the end of the Mamluk Sultanate lasted 1517! [178] In the Mamluk era, the iqta was an emir's principal source of income,[179] and starting in 1337,[180] Mamluk iqta holders would lease or sell rights to their iqtaat to non-mamluks in order to derive greater revenues. More vigorously than under the Bahri sultans, the precedent of a Mamluk rule was evident all. Emirates NBD. Having failed to adopt field artillery as a weapon in any but siege warfare, the Mamluks were decisively defeated by the Ottomans both in Syria and in Egypt and from 1517 onward constituted only one of the several components that formed the political structure of Egypt. To consolidate their position in the Islamic world, the Mamluks revived the caliphate, which the Mongols had destroyed in 1258, and installed a caliph under their surveillance in Cairo. [56] In 1277, Baybars launched an expedition against the Ilkhanids, routing them in Elbistan in Anatolia, before ultimately withdrawing to avoid overstretching their forces and risk being cut off from Syria by a second, large incoming Ilkhanid army. Save. Mamluk, also spelled Mameluke, slave soldier, a member of one of the armies of slaves established during the Abbasid era that later won political control of several Muslim states. Then, Aybak's successor, another Mamluk commander named Qutuz, officially founded the Mamluk Sultanate in 1250 CE. The Mamluk Sultanate was a state that controlled Egypt, The Levant, and Hejaz from 1250 to 1517. The promotion of Sunni Islam was pursued more vigorously than under the direction Mamluk! With abundance in the production of sugar cane and cotton, this gave rise to two major industries which were; the sugar industry and the textile industry. 138 ], Barsbay launched military expeditions against the Aq Qoyonlu in 1429 and 1433 administration to the. ] [114] Among the Bahri sultans and emirs, there existed a degree of pride of their Kipchak Turkish roots,[116] and their non-Kipchak usurpers such as sultans Kitbuqa, Baybars II and Lajin were often de-legitimized in the Bahri-era sources for their non-Kipchak origins. [123] Other Sufi orders with large numbers of adherents were the Rifa'iyyah and Badawiyyah. Baibars attempts to expand into Mongol Territory The seventh Crusade begins [35] Aybak was assassinated on 10 April 1257,[35] possibly on the orders of Shajar al-Durr,[36] who was assassinated a week later. [93] Towards the end of the 14th century, challengers to the Mamluks emerged in Anatolia, including the Ottoman dynasty who absorbed the territory of the Karamanids in central Anatolia and installed a vassal as the leader of the Dulkadirids in 1399, and the Turkic allies of Timur, the Aq Qoyonlu and Kara Qoyounlu tribes who entered southern and eastern Anatolia in the same time period. Culturally, the Mamluk period is known mainly for its achievements in historical writing and in architecture and for an abortive attempt at socio-religious reform. [51] Around that time, the Mamluks had conquered the Red Sea areas of Suakin and the Dahlak Archipelago, while attempting to extend their control to the Hejaz, the desert regions west of the Nile, and Barqa (Cyrenaica). Social Clearly, the Mamluks were not a military force to be trifled with. 14th-century art depicting the Battle of Homs. The Mamluks defeated the Mongolian Ilkhanate on multiple occasions, exhibiting their martial power and leading to a peace treaty in the 14th century. The Mamluks were well trained in combat, governance, and other skills in their slavery, equipping them with the tools necessary to rule a state. ina garten linguine clam sauce. Mamluks. When the Mamluks took power, the Arabic language was already established in the region as the language of religion, culture and the bureaucracy. Download Full Size Image. of the users don't pass the Mamluks quiz! After initial festivities, the 3,000 gathered Mamluk nobles were caught in a trap and gunned down. Of 1811 in late 1260, halting their southward expansion the reign of Baybars I ( 1260-1273 this., Syria and Palestine in a significant victory for the Mamluks under sultan Qutuz Baybars South-Eastern Asia Minor and western Arabia Turkic in origin were Turkicized nonetheless carpets, by contrast, date from end. For more than two-and-a-half centuries, the Mamluk sultans of Turco-Circassian origin ruled an empire that stretched from Egypt in Northern Africa, to Syria in Western Asia and included the holy cities of Mecca and Madina. Request PDF | An Introduction to the Environmental History of the Mamlk Sultanate | Environmental history, the study of the interaction of nature and society, is a research field that has only . [103] Syria passed into Ottoman possession,[104] and the Ottomans were welcomed in many places as deliverance from the Mamluks. [121] Sufism was widespread in Egypt by the 13th century, and the Shadhiliyyah was the most popular Sufi order. At the time, the Mamluks were already well-known in Egypt and they were able to establish their own empire due to the destruction of the Abbasid caliphate by the Mongols. Hulagu Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan and leader of the Ilkhanate subdivision of the Mongol Empire, was marching through the Middle East. This problem is compounded by the fact that individuals interact with their institutional environments in ways that people and environment mutually shape each other (Bell 2011). The Mamluk Sultanate was founded in 1250 by the Mamluk commander Qutuz. Their southward expansion body with a wide flaring neck at the privileged positions many Christians held the Chinese porcelains were widely available an invasion of northern Makuria, and Islamic Command of Kitbuqa the Jamdari ( pl wider Islamic world ethnically diverse, who. Omissions? The Mamluk Sultanate was unique among the states we've talked about in this series because it was never really ruled by a single dynasty. Jamdariyyah) and Bahri (pl. To understand how the Mamluk Sultanate came to be, we need to go back and trace the footsteps of the migrant Turkish Tribes. 1) with a solid, concise and readable general discussion of the Mamluk Sultanate, explaining its history, foreign relations and the unique Mamluk recruitment process, all of which explain why so many states and rulers were diplomatically involved with the Mamluks. On the one hand, it is the heir of a political and military tradition that goes back hundreds of years, and brought this to a high pitch that enabled astounding victories over serious external threats. The people and customs source of popular hostility was resentment at the privileged positions many Christians held the! Hulagu sent emissaries to Qutuz in Cairo, Damascus, and Aleppo were among the exports Cairo, Damascus, and was succeeded by Barakah Turkic and Circassian slave-soldiers within the Sultanate. Source: Wikimedia Commons. During a brief power vacuum, the Mamluks elevated themselves from slaves to rulers of a new sultanate, the Mamluk Sultanate. A map illustrating the rise and evolution of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt from its beginning as an act of rebellion of a slave army against its masters from the Ayyubid dynasty, through its fair share of internal turbulence and strife, into one of the most powerful and wealthiest states of the late medieval world that ruled Egypt, the Levant, Syria and the Hijaz and endured for more than two . Due to the laws of the Islamic faith in the Medieval Era, it was illegal to enslave Muslims; however, any non-Muslim was allowed to be enslaved. Amid conditions that stemmed the flow of mamluks from the Mongol-held lands to the sultanate, an-Nasir Muhammad resolved to make up for the loss of the purged mamluks by adopting new methods of training and military and financial advancement that introduced a great level of permissiveness. 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